VAR models multiple series jointly, capturing cross‑effects and enabling impulse response analysis and coherent multivariate forecasts.

Preparation

  • Align timestamps and ensure consistent sampling
  • Check stationarity; difference/detrend or consider VECM if cointegrated
  • Consider transformations (logs) to stabilize variance

Modeling Steps

  • Select lag order via AIC/BIC with holdout checks
  • Fit VAR; verify stability (roots) and residual diagnostics
  • Run Granger causality tests for directional predictability

Interpretation Tools

  • Impulse Response Functions (IRFs): impact of shocks over time
  • Forecast Error Variance Decomposition (FEVD): which variables explain forecast errors

When to Use VECM

  • When series are non‑stationary but cointegrated (long‑run relations)
  • VECM captures both long‑run equilibrium and short‑run dynamics
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